Forces Measured Between Hydrophobic Surfaces due to a Sub-microscopic Bridging Bubble

Archie Carambassis, Louisa C. Jonker, Phil Attard, and Mark W. Rutland

School of Chemistry F11, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 5357-5360 (1998).

Abstract
Atomic force microscopy on hydrophobic microspheres in water reveals a strong attraction with a range of 20--200 nm, following an initial steep repulsion at long range. The data are consistent with a single sub-microscopic bubble between the surfaces, with the attraction due to its attachment and lateral spread, and the repulsion dependent on film drainage and the electric double layer. The results provide direct experimental evidence of the existence of long-lived sub-micron bubbles, and of their bridging as the cause of the measured long-range attractions between macroscopic hydrophobic surfaces.

PACS:
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
61.16.Ch Scanning probe microscopy: scanning tunneling, atomic force, scanning optical, magnetic force, etc
68.10.Cr Surface energy (surface tension, interface tension, angle of contact, etc.)
68.15.+e Liquid thin films
68.35.Md Surface energy; thermodynamic properties
82.65.Dp Thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces

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